Comparative study of campbell de morgan spots in the diabetics and the non- diabetics.

Cutaneous disorders associated with diabetes mellitus are thought to occur in about one third of patients during the course of their disease. The present study was undertaken to assess the incidence and to compare the incidence of Campbell de morgan spots in diabetics and non diabetics. The study was done on 250 patients who attended the Skin OPD. All the cases were noted and compared between diabetics and non diabetic patients. In our study, detailed history with special reference to age, sex, rural/urban background, socioeconomic status, obesity, hypertension, duration of diabetes, type of treatment taken, history of complications and family history of diabetes mellitus was taken from each patient in both the groups. Whenever patients present with multiple skin manifestations, their diabetic status should be checked and controlled; or if they are obese, a high index of suspicion should be kept regarding their diabetic status. The recognition of these findings is the key to treatment and prevention. Patients may demonstrate considerable concern regarding the cosmetic appearance of the lesions. The Incidence of cherry angioma in our study was 56 (44.8%) cases in diabetic group and 50 (40%) cases in non diabetic group.

Prevalence of scleroderma in North Indian population: Diabetics versus non- diabetics.

Diabetes mellitus is a common condition which frequently has skin manifestations. The attachment of glucose to protein may result in a profound effect on structure and function of that protein, and account for clinical manifestations of the disease. It has been suggested that increased crosslinking of collagen in diabetic patients is responsible for the fact that their skin is generally thicker than that of nondiabetics. The present study was undertaken to assess the incidence and to compare the incidence of waxy skin and scleroderma in diabetics and non diabetics. The study was done on 250 patients who attended the skin camp held in a village of Punjab. This study was conducted by specialists of Dermatology and Medicine. Thorough general physical examination and the dermatological examination were done in each case. All the cases of scleroderma and waxy skin were noted and compared between diabetics and non diabetic patients.

A cadaveric study of distance between the terminations of the hepato- pancreatic and accessory pancreatic ducts in the duodenal mucosa.

Objective: The present paper is about the study of distance between minor and major duodenal papillae which was carried out on 30 cadaveric specimens of human duodeno-pancreas. With introduction of ERCP, the pattern of pancreatic ductal system visualization has attained popularity. Without the knowledge of the normal pattern of the duct system and its variations, a radiologist can’t interpret an Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography (ERCP) picture. So it becomes important to study the anatomy of pancreatic ducts, their relation to each other, to common bile duct and to duodenum in the available human cadavers. To visualise and to see distance between minor and major duodenal papillae is necessary for the endoscopist who aims to perform the dilation, stenting, or papillotomy of the minor papilla. ERCP is proved to be “first line” therapeutic tool in the management of surgical, medical and pathological disorders involving the biliary tree and pancreatic duct. Methods: The study was conducted in thirty (20 male and 10 female) cadavers. Major and minor duodenal papillae were visualized through eosin dye installation in both common bile duct and the accessory pancreatic duct. The measurement of distance between the duodenal papillae was done in cm. Results: In the present work, the distance measured between the major and minor duodenal papilla was on an average 1.93+0.61 cm. in females and in males it was 2.05+0.31 cm. Conclusion: The length of the duct shows sexual dimorphism; the length being more in males than females.

Collagen disorders among the diabetics and the non- diabetics of north India: a comparative study.

Diabetes mellitus is a common condition which frequently has skin manifestations. The attachment of glucose to protein may result in a profound effect on structure and function of that protein, and account for clinical manifestations of the disease. The present study was undertaken to assess the incidence and to compare the incidence of waxy skin and scleroderma in diabetics and non diabetics. The study was done on 250 patients who attended the Skin OPD of Guru Nanak Dev Hospital, Amritsar. Thorough general physical examination and the dermatological examination were done in each case. All the cases of collagen disorders necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, granuloma annulare, scleroedema diabeticorum, waxy skin and limited joint mobility were noted and compared between diabetics and non diabetic patients.

Significance of sacral index in estimation of sex in sacra of cadavers in Punjab.

In the identification of sex in human skeletal remains, Sacrum is an important bone for identification of sex in human skeletal system. Since it is a component of axial skeleton and because of its contribution to the pelvic girdle and in turn to the functional differences in the region between the sexes, it has an applied importance in determining sex with the help of measurements carried upon it. Over the years different authors had carried various types of measurements on human sacra of different races and regions. A study for sexing of sacra was carried on 40 sacra (20 male & 20 female sacra) in Punjab. The method used was sacral index. The measuring instrument used was sliding vernier calliper. All the sacra taken were normal. The sacral index of sacra its mean and standard deviations were calculated. Then calculated range (mean ± 3S.D.) and demarking points (DP) of both the parameters and the percentage of bones in which sex could be identified by them was also calculated. The results were compared with the available literature. It was found that D.P of sacral index was very reliable in sexing of sacra.

Significance of weight and maximum length as an objective for sexing of unknown femora a research study in Punjab.

Identification of sex from the skeleton is an important demographic assessment in medico legal investigations. Length and weight of femur are the two reliable skeletal elements for sex determination. Large number of reports does exist about the sex determination from long bones such as femur anthropological and forensic contexts. It is a very well known factor that skeletal dimensions and standards of skeletal identification do vary with different populations. The present study aims at obtaining results from two femoral dimensions in Punjab cadavers to develop standards in determination of sex. In case of femur maximum length and weight are one of the parameters significantly important in sex dimorphism. The matter being of medico legal importance, an attempt was made by forensic experts and anatomists of SGRDIMSAR, Sri Amritsar to carry out various measurements to differentiate the sex of the femora. This was done in femora of either known sex. The diseased femora were rejected. The aim of this study is to prove that the weight and the Maximum length of femur will significantly differentiate the sex of the femora and this fact will help to arrive at an objective process for the sexing of femora of unknown sex.